While Hanfu enjoys a growing resurgence, it is not without challenges and controversies. While China’s first lady Peng Li Yuan can often be seen in the qipao (also known as the cheongsam), Hanfu is not seen as appropriate wear for leaders and dignitaries – at least not yet. Chiangism opposed feudalism, communism, and imperialism while promoting ideals of a unified Chinese national identity. Chiangism (Chinese: 蔣介石主義; Wade-Giles: Chiang3 Chieh4-shih2 chu3i4), also known as the Political Philosophy of Chiang Kai-shek (Chinese: 蔣介石的學說; Wade-Giles: Chiang3 Chieh4-shih2 ti4 hsüeh2shuo1), or Chiang Kai-shek Thought, is the political philosophy of President Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, who used it during his rule in China under the Kuomintang on both the mainland and Taiwan. Despite earlier alliance, Chiang Kai-shek would soon be an enemy of the CCP in the Chinese Civil War following the Shanghai Massacre as he turned into a staunch anti-communist. Chiang Kai-shek started the New Life Movement under Confucian ideals.
Contrary to the view that he was pro-capitalist, Chiang Kai-shek behaved in an antagonistic manner to the capitalists in China, pink short cheongsam often attacking them and confiscating their capital and assets for the use of the government. He described Chiang as a “left-leaning Confucian-Jacobinist”. The Kuomintang government under Chiang Kai-shek denounced feudalism as counterrevolutionary and proclaimed itself to be revolutionary. In the West, Chiang Kai-shek was hailed as one of the world’s greatest socialist leaders. China later declared war on fascist countries, including Germany, Italy, and Japan, as part of the Declarations of war during World War II and Chiang became the most powerful “anti-fascist” leader in Asia. It is influenced by other political ideologies, including socialism, fascism, party-state capitalism, paternalistic conservatism, as well as Chiang’s Methodist Christian beliefs. Chiang’s New Life Movement campaigned for the end of Soviet, Western, American, and other foreign influences in China. 64 The later New Life Movement drew inspirations from the society, although some historians are reluctant to define them as fascist. Frederic Wakeman suggested that the New Life Movement was “Confucian fascism”. As an opponent of Japanese imperialism, Chiang was the biggest supporter of the Korean independence movement.
Taylor has noted that Chiang’s hybrid revolutionary nationalism ideology is inspired by both the French republican movement and Confucianism. His Nationalist government supported the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, chinese male hanfu and the secret militant branch Blue Shirts Society (BSS) supported left-wing nationalist Kim Won-bong and Kim-led Korean National Revolutionary Party. After the government of the Republic of China moved to Taiwan, Chiang Kai-shek’s economic policy turned towards to economic liberalism. The Republic of China’s media openly attacked the capitalists and capitalism, supporting a government-controlled economy instead of privately owned ones. By the 1930s, it had influence upon China’s economy and society. However, the modern Japanese culture has small or zero Chinese influence. It was initially socialist in outlook but became increasingly aligned with authoritarian capitalism after 1955. The extent of fascist influence on Chiang is debated among scholars. Chiang cracked down on pro-communist unions and peasant organizations, and the wealthy Shanghai capitalists at the same time.
Chiang Kai-shek, the head of the Kuomintang, warned the Soviet Union and other foreign countries about interfering in Chinese affairs. Chiang rejected the Western progressive ideologies of individualism, liberalism, and the cultural aspects of Marxism. The socialist ideology of the Kuomintang was one of the ideologies which greatly influenced this philosophy. The Kuomintang launched the initiative on 19 February 1934 as part of an anti-communist campaign and soon enlarged the campaign to target all of China. Chiangism was largely diminished in Mainland China by the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries of the communists and began to wane at the start of democratization in Taiwan. After losing the Chinese mainland to the CCP and retreating to Taiwan, the KMT under Chiang’s leadership established agencies such as the Bureau of Investigation and Statistics, the Political Warfare Bureau, and the Taiwan Garrison Command to provide surveillance on the population and suppress dissidents, including suspected communists, during the White Terror. He also viewed foreign powers, including the USA, the USSR, and the Empire of Japan as imperialist powers that wanted to exploit China.
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